Target identification is the initial step in drug discovery, where researchers identify biological molecules, such as proteins or enzymes, that are associated with a specific disease. This step focuses on selecting targets that are both biologically relevant and druggable, ensuring that subsequent efforts are directed toward developing therapeutics with the highest potential for efficacy and safety.

HTS utilizes automated systems to rapidly test thousands of compounds for their ability to interact with a biological target. This process helps identify "hit" compounds that show promising activity, enabling researchers to prioritize candidates for further development. HTS significantly reduces the time and resources required to evaluate large compound libraries.

Lead optimization involves refining promising compounds to improve their potency, selectivity, and drug-like properties, such as solubility and metabolic stability. This stage also focuses on reducing potential toxicity and off-target effects, ensuring that the compounds have a higher likelihood of success in preclinical and clinical evaluations.

Preclinical evaluation assesses the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of lead compounds using animal models and advanced systems like organoids. This step ensures that only compounds with acceptable safety profiles and therapeutic potential progress to human trials, minimizing risks and costs associated with clinical development.

Translational research focuses on applying findings from drug discovery to clinical settings. This includes developing novel drug delivery systems, integrating preclinical and clinical data, and optimizing drug/device combination products. By aligning research with clinical needs, translational research ensures that innovative therapies reach patients efficiently and effectively.